Ein bisschen was hab' ich gefunden zur Geschichte der Polizei.

verfasst von mguder, 26.04.2002, 21:30

Police History and Organization
History of Police
Origins of American policing are traced to early English Society
Formal police forces did not exist before the Norman Conquest
protection of life and property was a function of selfsufficiency
pledge system was in use then
each person in a village pledged to protect the village against thieves and marauders
individuals were expected to raise the hue and cry to warn of trouble and to pursue suspected criminals
families banded together for selfprotection
a group of ten families was called a tithing
ten tithings formed a hundred which was supervised by the constable
the constable can be considered the first real police officer.
constables dealt with serious breaches of law
shires, similar to modern counties, were supervised by the shire reeve
the shire reeve was appointed by the king or queen or local land owner to supervise and maintain order in the territory a job which soon led them to law enforcement duties.
Watch system created in the 13th century
the watch system was a more formal system than the pledge system
it employed watchmen to protect property against fire and robbery
watchmen were supervised by the local constables
The watch system was in place for about 500 years in England
18th Century Developments
what was happening in the 18th century in England that would have changed the way the police were organized?
Industrial revolution lured the masses to the cities for employment
The Gin Craze
Before the 17th century most people in England drank only beer and wine because the only hard stuff available to them, brandy, was much too expensive
with the invention of gin, a cheap hard liquor came available to the English masses
the government encouraged the manufacture of gin as a way to deal with grain surpluses
consumption of alcohol doubled in England between 1727 and 1743
public drunkenness and violence became widespread
One response to these problems was the founding of the Bow Street Runners by Henry Fielding
founded in 1748 in London
the first police organization to actually patrol the streets
before, watchmen would just stay in their watch boxes
Bow Street Runners were a huge advancement in policing because of their mobility as a result they were able to capture many more criminals than was possible under the watch system.
Metropolitan Police of London 1829
recognized as the world's first organized police force
organized by Sir Robert Peel, England's Home Secretary
composed of over 1000 officers, or Bobbies,
the first force to be under a military command structure
the first force to have special uniforms


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Colonial Policing
Law enforcement in colonial America was similar to that in England
The county sheriff was the primary law enforcement agent
he was paid by the fee system (a fixed amount for every arrest made)
he investigated citizen complaints, ran the jail, and collected taxes
Urban areas were policed by the town Marshall
Local governments had little power over these Marshals
very individualistic policing


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Early American Policing
Modern American police departments were first created in the 19th century
1838 first police force created in Boston
1844 New York Police Department created
1856 Philadelphia Police Department created
Local politics and politicians often controlled these early urban police departments
local politics determined hiring and promotion
getting hired and getting promoted was more a function of who you knew rather than what you knew
Early American police work was primitive in nature
most officers patrolled on foot
corruption and brutality were everyday occurrences
there was little formal training or supervision
the major role of the police was maintaining order

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Complaints and Problems with the police are something that is not new.
There are problems that police have been trying to get over since the beginning
Bribery of police officers
Lack of training
Lack of control (minimal supervision)
Political control of departments
Lack of education
Brutality (difficult for police to get backup support)

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20th Century Police Reforms - attempts to get over some of the problems of policing
Policing became more technologically sophisticated around the turn of the century.
police uniforms were first introduced in 1853
importance: police could be identified as police, to identify corruption and brutality
the first telegraph police boxes were installed in 1867
importance: police administrators could have some supervision over officers
in 1910 the first police car was introduced in Akron, Ohio
importance: supervisors could check up on officers out in the field easier
importance: brutality is reduced because it is easier to get backup (more officers to the scene)
Police officers salaries were increased a great deal in this time period
importance: officer with good salary won't need to take bribes to make a good living
Administrative review boards were first established in the early 1900s
removed control of police from local political influence and put it in the hands of bureaucrats
importance: lessened the effects of political influence on hiring and promotion
importance: held police accountable for their actions

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Professionalism in Policing
Traced to the founding of the International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP) in 1893
advocated centralized organizational structures and record keeping
importance: curb the power of precinct captains who were often under political control
August Vollmer Police Chief of Berkeley, California PD in the 1910's
Strong proponent of police professionalism which stressed:
strict adherence to departmental rules
high levels of training and education
Vollmer encouraged university training for police officers
strict discipline
organization along militaristic lines
importance:
all of these factors are aimed at reducing corruption and to increase control over the police
create incorruptible crime fighters that do not question the authority of the central command.

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Law Enforcement Today
about 17,000 law enforcement agencies
3,100 Sheriffs departments
12,500 municipal police agencies
1,700 special police forces (parks, transit, airport, university)
49 state police forces (all but Hawaii)
50 federal law enforcement agencies
Employment
more than 800,000 people are employed in policing
more than 600,000 sworn officers
about 250,000 civilians
Municipal police
most police officers are city police
NYPD is the largest police department with 29,000 sworn officers
The big city police department is the exception, rather than the rule
The majority of city police departments
have fewer than 50 employees
serve a population of less than 25,000 people
Policing is expensive:
it costs about $55,000 per year per officer, including benefits, salary, and equipment
annual cost of about $100 per person
in order to keep one patrol officer on the street, 24 hours a day, you need 4 police officers $220,000 per year to have an officer on at all times for a 24 hour period
County law enforcement
usually known as the county sheriff, but some counties have created a county police department
in all states (except Hawaii and Rhode Island) county sheriffs are elected officials
sheriff's departments serving counties with small populations generally serve only as jail administrators and provide court services
sheriff's departments serving counties with small populations have law enforcement duties in addition to correctional and court duties.
the law enforcement activities of a sheriff's department are generally restricted to unincorporated areas of a county
State Police
The first state police were the Texas Rangers, created in 1835 when Texas declared independence from Mexico
Most states created State Police Departments in the early 1900s
as an answer to highly mobile criminals same time as the advent of the automobile and mass transportation
to counteract corrupt county sheriff's departments
often responsible for highway safety and technical support to local and county agencies
in Alaska, the Alaska State Troopers have full police powers outside of municipalities.
Federal Law Enforcement
There is no particular rank order or hierarchy
Each Federal agency has been created to enforce specific laws and to cope with specialized situations.
Justice Department
These agencies are headed by the US Attorney General Janet Reno
FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation)
Formed in 1908 to enforce the Mann Act
which forbid the transportation across state lines for immoral purposes
Jurisdiction is limited to federal laws
Provides fingerprint services to all police agencies
Nation's most sophisticated crime laboratory
Compiles the UCR
Runs the National Crime Information Center
keeps criminal records on all individuals convicted of an offense in the US
DEA (Drug Enforcement Administration)
Modern day descendent of the Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs
which was established in 1914 to enforce the Harrision Act
The DEA was formed in 1973
Duties of the DEA
investigate illegal drug use
try to control the importation of narcotics
Other Justice Department Agencies
US Marshals provide federal court services, transport prisoners, enforce court orders.
Immigration and Naturalization Service responsible for administering immigration laws
Organized Crime and Racketeering Unit coordinates federal efforts to clamp down on organized crime under federal racketeering laws
Treasury Department
These agencies are headed by the Secretary of the Treasury
Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms
control sales of untaxed liquor and cigarettes
jurisdiction over the illegal sale, importation, and use of firearms and explosives
Internal Revenue Service Established in 1862
investigates violations of income, excise, stamp, other tax laws.
Much of their investigative efforts are against those who do not report illegally gained income drug dealers & gamblers, for example
Customs Service
Guards US ports of entry to ensure no contraband enters the country and to tax dutiable goods that are imported
Secret Service
Original job was to enforce laws against counterfeiting
Today it has the job of protecting president and vice president, presidential candidates, expresidents

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Private Security
More individuals are employed in private security than are employed in government policing
more than 1.5 million security guards, compared with 600,000 police officers
About the same amount of money is spent on private protection as is spent on the whole criminal justice system
about $75 Billion each
by the year 2000 spending on private security is expected to reach $100 Billion
two types of private security forces
Proprietary security
an organization with its own security that is employed by the organization
a mall that hires its own mall cops is using proprietary security
Contractual security
an organization hires an outside company to provide security services
a mall that contracts with a security company is using contractual security
Private security forces have many of the same responsibilities as local police forces
burglar alarm response
misdemeanor investigation
parking enforcement
Problems with private security services
questionable impact upon crime
lack of training and standards
private security may actually make police busier


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gesamter Thread:

• Wahnsinn. 18 Tote bei Amoklauf in Gymnasium. - rodex, 26.04.2002, 15:50
  • Re: Jugend um keinen Deut besser - silvereagle, 26.04.2002, 15:55
    • Re: Jugend um keinen Deut besser - rodex, 26.04.2002, 16:01
      • Aufgrund unserer Bildungsmisere - Turon, 26.04.2002, 16:13
        • Keine Zeit für Scherze... - JosstheBoss, 26.04.2002, 16:36
          • Hallo Joss! - Turon, 26.04.2002, 16:53
          • Re: Keine Zeit für Scherze... - LHH, 27.04.2002, 08:44
      • Re: immer die gleiche Leier - silvereagle, 26.04.2002, 16:34
        • Sorry aber das is Schwachsinn.. - JosstheBoss, 26.04.2002, 16:41
          • @ Joss und @ Rodex - Turon, 26.04.2002, 17:10
            • Re: @Turon - silvereagle, 26.04.2002, 17:36
          • drei Fragen - silvereagle, 26.04.2002, 17:52
            • Re: drei Fragen - JosstheBoss, 26.04.2002, 19:34
        • Re: immer die gleiche Leier - rodex, 26.04.2002, 16:48
        • Re: immer die gleiche Leier - mguder, 26.04.2002, 16:58
      • Re: Jugend um keinen Deut besser - Uwe, 26.04.2002, 16:56
        • Re: Jugend um keinen Deut besser - rodex, 26.04.2002, 17:07
          • alle Macht den Mächtigen - silvereagle, 26.04.2002, 17:17
          • Re: Jugend um keinen Deut besser - Uwe, 26.04.2002, 17:26
            • @ Uwe - Turon, 26.04.2002, 17:34
              • Re: @ Uwe Buchtip - Liated mi Lefuet, 26.04.2002, 22:02
      • Wieso liegt etwas im Argen? - Zardoz, 26.04.2002, 17:12
        • Re: Wieso liegt etwas im Argen? - Euklid, 26.04.2002, 18:01
          • Eines der besten Postings heute... - Taktiker, 26.04.2002, 23:25
            • Dafür ist mir der Anlaß wahrlich zu traurig. Demnächst wieder... (owT) - Zardoz, 27.04.2002, 01:08
  • Re: Wahnsinn. 18 Tote bei Amoklauf in Gymnasium. - mguder, 26.04.2002, 16:42
    • Sorry auch Schwachsinn: Kein Ahnung von Polizeiarbeit aber... - JosstheBoss, 26.04.2002, 16:54
      • Re: Sorry auch Schwachsinn: Kein Ahnung von Polizeiarbeit aber... - mguder, 26.04.2002, 17:08
    • na klar, die bösen Polizisten sind wieder schuld.... - wheely, 26.04.2002, 17:04
      • Re: na klar, die bösen Polizisten sind wieder schuld.... - Cujo, 26.04.2002, 17:06
        • selbstverständlich - wheely, 26.04.2002, 17:45
          • Konkrete Frage zur Polizei: - mguder, 26.04.2002, 17:59
            • Re: Konkrete Frage zur Polizei: das wäre ja noch gut - Turon, 26.04.2002, 18:32
            • Re: Konkrete Frage zur Polizei: - wheely, 26.04.2002, 18:57
              • @wheely - Turon, 26.04.2002, 19:17
                • Re: @wheely - wheely, 26.04.2002, 21:49
                  • Re: @wheely - Turon, 26.04.2002, 22:57
                    • wir sind einer Meinung - wheely, 26.04.2002, 23:05
                      • Re: wir sind einer Meinung - Euklid, 27.04.2002, 10:30
                  • Re: @wheely - Euklid, 27.04.2002, 10:19
              • Re: Konkrete Frage zur Polizei: - mguder, 26.04.2002, 20:07
                • Spannende Diskussion - silvereagle, 26.04.2002, 20:19
                  • Re: Spannende Diskussion - mguder, 26.04.2002, 20:52
                    • Ein bisschen was hab' ich gefunden zur Geschichte der Polizei. - mguder, 26.04.2002, 21:30
                • Re: Konkrete Frage zur Polizei: - wheely, 26.04.2002, 21:35
                  • Re: Konkrete Frage zur Polizei: - mguder, 26.04.2002, 22:01
                    • Re: Konkrete Frage zur Polizei: - wheely, 26.04.2002, 23:28
      • Re: na klar, die bösen Polizisten sind wieder schuld.... - mguder, 26.04.2002, 17:11
        • Wer von uns beiden gibt hier Plattheiten von sich?? Lächerlich.... - wheely, 26.04.2002, 17:52
      • Polizisten sind auch nur Menschen - silvereagle, 26.04.2002, 17:28
        • Re: Polizisten sind auch nur Menschen - wheely, 26.04.2002, 18:26
  • Damit haben wir heute Littleton ueberrundet. Wir sind den USA sogar voraus! (owT) - rodex, 26.04.2002, 17:10
    • Re: Damit haben wir heute Littleton ueberrundet. Wir sind den USA sogar voraus! (owT) - Euklid, 26.04.2002, 17:33
    • WIR? - silvereagle, 26.04.2002, 17:39
      • Re: WIR? - rodex, 26.04.2002, 17:48
        • so gehts nicht - silvereagle, 26.04.2002, 19:04